INBDE (Integrated National Board Dental Examination) Practice Exam

What is not causally associated with the disease, such as stress influencing periodontal disease?

1. Risk Factor

2. Risk Determinant

3. Risk Indicator

4. Risk Marker

The correct answer is: Risk Indicator

In the context of diseases like periodontal disease, a risk factor is something that increases the probability of developing the disease, a risk determinant is a key factor that directly influences the risk of developing the disease, and a risk marker is a measurable characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. In this case, a risk indicator is not causally associated with the disease like stress influencing periodontal disease. While stress can play a role in the progression of periodontal disease through pathways such as immune system suppression and altered oral hygiene habits, it is not a direct causative factor. Therefore, it is not classified as a risk indicator in the same way as factors that directly influence disease development.